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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
11:13

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Published on: September 14, 2013

Clostridium difficile vertebral osteomyelitis.

Abeer Al-Najjar1, Ghada N Al-Rawahi, Linda M Hoang

  • 1From the *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases; †Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health Centre of British Columbia; and ‡British Columbia Center for Disease Control Public Health Microbiology and Reference Lab, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|April 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Clostridium difficile infection, a common cause of diarrhea, can lead to serious bone infections like vertebral osteomyelitis. This case highlights that C. difficile found in hardware requires treatment, not dismissal as contamination.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment
11:13

Culturing and Maintaining Clostridium difficile in an Anaerobic Environment

Published on: September 14, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a primary cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
  • Extraintestinal C. difficile infections are uncommon but can occur.
  • Vertebral osteomyelitis is a severe bone infection.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with C. difficile-associated diarrhea.
  • This infection subsequently led to vertebral osteomyelitis involving internal hardware.
  • The osteomyelitis symptoms manifested two years post-initial diarrheal episode.

Findings:

  • C. difficile was identified in samples from the internal hardware site.
  • The recovered C. difficile was not considered a mere contaminant.
  • The findings suggest a link between prior C. difficile diarrhea and subsequent hardware-related osteomyelitis.

Implications:

  • C. difficile recovered from hardware sites warrants aggressive treatment.
  • This case underscores the potential for delayed, severe manifestations of C. difficile infections.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for C. difficile in hardware-associated infections, even years after initial presentation.