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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord
10:44

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Published on: February 22, 2015

TRAF2 is upregulated in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Reinhard Reuß1, Andreas Mirau, Marta Mistarz

  • 1Department of Neurology, Bezirkskrankenhaus Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. reinhard.reuss.email1@gmx.de

Neuroimmunomodulation
|April 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signaling molecules TRAF2 and RIP are elevated in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, indicating increased inflammation. TRAF2 levels in relapsing-remitting MS suggest distinct disease mechanisms.

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

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Published on: July 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) involves complex immune dysregulation.
  • Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor signaling pathways are implicated in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding specific molecular pathways in MS is crucial for targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) and receptor-interacting protein (RIP) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
  • To compare the expression levels of TRAF2 and RIP in different MS disease courses (relapsing-remitting, secondary progressive, primary progressive) and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure gene expression of TRAF2 and RIP in peripheral blood leukocytes.
  • A cross-sectional analysis included 23 RRMS, 19 SPMS, 12 PPMS patients, and 29 healthy controls.
  • A longitudinal study monitored 15 RRMS patients over 9 months.

Main Results:

  • TRAF2 gene expression was significantly higher in RRMS patients compared to other MS types and controls.
  • RIP gene expression was significantly elevated in all MS patient groups compared to healthy controls.
  • No significant changes in TRAF2 or RIP expression were observed over the 9-month longitudinal study period.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated TRAF2 and RIP in leukocytes suggest heightened general inflammatory activity in MS patients.
  • Distinct TRAF2 levels in RRMS support the hypothesis of different pathophysiological processes underlying RRMS versus SPMS/PPMS.