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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Have changing pneumococcal vaccination programmes impacted disease in Ontario?

Gillian H Lim1, Anne E Wormsbecker, Allison McGeer

  • 1Immunization and Vaccine Preventable Diseases, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada. gillian.lim@oahpp.ca

Vaccine
|April 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Ontario’s infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs showed success, reducing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) rates. Early impacts of PCV10 were noted in infants, but older adults still face a significant IPD burden.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology
  • Public Health Surveillance

Background:

  • Ontario introduced infant 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 2005, later replaced by PCV10 and PCV13.
  • Adults aged 65+ have had universal access to the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) since 1996.
  • PCV13 became available for adults aged 50+ in 2012, prompting an examination of vaccination program impacts on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of publicly funded infant vaccination programs on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence.
  • To assess the impact of PCV7, PCV10, and PCV13 introduction on IPD serotype distribution and rates.
  • To identify disease burden in different age groups, particularly among older adults eligible for PPV23 and PCV13.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of laboratory data from population-based IPD surveillance in Ontario, Canada.
  • Inclusion of data from the Toronto Invasive Bacterial Disease Network and Public Health Ontario Laboratories.
  • Study period: January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2010.

Main Results:

  • Overall IPD incidence ranged from 7.4 to 9.3 per 100,000 population between 2008-2010.
  • Adults aged 65+ exhibited the highest IPD incidence (21.5-25.6/100,000), with a significant increase during the study period.
  • A 77% decrease in PCV7 serotype IPD was observed among vaccine-eligible children, with some impact also seen in non-eligible populations.

Conclusions:

  • Ontario's PCV7 program demonstrated success through serotype-specific IPD reductions, indicating herd immunity effects.
  • Early evidence suggests PCV10 introduction had a positive impact on infant IPD rates.
  • A significant burden of invasive pneumococcal disease persists among older adult populations.