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Dosage Compensation

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with distinct numbers of X chromosomes will have...

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...

X and Y Chromosomes

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...

Sex-linked Disorders

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Double In Utero Electroporation to Target Temporally and Spatially Separated Cell Populations

Double In Utero Electroporation to Target Temporally and Spatially Separated Cell Populations

Published on: June 14, 2020

Sex chromosome complement influences functional callosal myelination.

S Moore¹, R Patel, G Hannsun

¹Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

|April 20, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Sex chromosomes, not just hormones, influence brain repair. XY mice show slower functional remyelination than XX mice after demyelination, especially without sex hormones, suggesting subtle genetic impacts on myelin repair.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Genetics
Cell Biology

Background:

Sex hormones support myelination and remyelination.
Inherent sex differences in myelination persist even after gonadectomy.
Sex chromosomes may play a role in differential remyelination rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of sex chromosomes on myelination differences.
To determine if sex chromosomes influence remyelination rates independently of sex hormones.

Main Methods:

Utilized the cuprizone-induced demyelination/remyelination model in four core-genotype mice.
Assessed functional remyelination via axon conduction and immunohistochemistry.
Compared remyelination rates between XX and XY mice before and after gonadectomy.

Main Results:

Sex chromosome complement (XX vs. XY) mediates differential remyelination.
XY mice exhibited attenuated functional remyelination compared to XX mice.
This chromosomal effect on remyelination was evident only after gonadectomy, in the absence of sex hormones.

Conclusions:

Sex chromosomes contribute subtly but significantly to myelination and remyelination.
The findings suggest sex chromosome-mediated gene expression differences impacting myelin repair.
Further research is needed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying this sex chromosome effect.