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Related Concept Videos

Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
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Group A streptococcal vaccines: paving a path for accelerated development.

James B Dale1, Vincent A Fischetti, Jonathan R Carapetis

  • 1University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA. jbdale@uthsc.edu

Vaccine
|April 20, 2013
PubMed
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Developing a broadly protective Group A Streptococcus (GAS) vaccine is crucial for global health. Overcoming challenges in epidemiology, antigen selection, and safety is key to creating effective GAS vaccines for all income levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Vaccinology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes significant global morbidity and mortality, including sore throat, invasive infections, and immune sequelae like acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD).
  • Decades of research have aimed to develop vaccines to prevent GAS infections and their complications.
  • Existing vaccine candidates include M protein-based and conserved GAS antigen-based approaches in pre-clinical and clinical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of Group A Streptococcus vaccine development.
  • To identify obstacles hindering the progress of GAS vaccine candidates.
  • To propose recommendations for an accelerated plan toward a broadly protective GAS vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pre-clinical and clinical vaccine candidates for GAS.
  • Analysis of epidemiological and molecular factors influencing GAS vaccine development.
  • Identification of challenges including antigen selection, autoimmunity, and vaccine safety.

Main Results:

  • Multiple GAS vaccine strategies are in development, targeting M proteins and conserved antigens.
  • Significant obstacles remain, including complex global epidemiology, antigen selection for combination vaccines, and concerns about autoimmunity and safety.
  • A clear definition of the global burden and molecular epidemiology of GAS infections is needed.

Conclusions:

  • Collaborative efforts and innovative strategies are essential to overcome current obstacles in GAS vaccine development.
  • Recommendations are provided for an accelerated development plan for a broadly protective GAS vaccine.
  • The goal is to introduce a vaccine deployable in low-, middle-, and high-income countries to reduce the global burden of GAS disease.