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Surface Tension

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Microfluidic System with Surface Patterning for Investigating Cavitation Bubble(s)–Cell Interaction and the Resultant Bioeffects at the Single-cell Level

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Coarse-grained modelling of surface nanobubbles.

Patrick Grosfils¹

¹Center for Nonlinear Phenomena and Complex Systems, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-1050-Bruxelles, Belgium.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal

|April 20, 2013

Summary

Surface nanobubbles form on hydrophobic surfaces. A new non-equilibrium model suggests their stability originates from dynamic processes, advancing our understanding of these nanoscale phenomena.

Area of Science:

Physics
Surface Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Surface nanobubbles are nanoscale gas entities observed on hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous environments.
Their formation and stability mechanisms are not fully understood, lacking established theoretical and modeling frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and present a novel non-equilibrium coarse-grained model for surface nanobubbles.
To investigate the fundamental principles governing the formation and stability of these nanostructures.

Main Methods:

A lattice-gas model, previously used for hydrophobic effect studies, was adapted.
Dynamical properties were incorporated into the lattice-gas model to simulate nanobubble behavior.

Main Results:

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The developed model successfully reproduces key characteristics of stable surface nanobubbles.
Simulation results indicate that dynamic processes play a crucial role in nanobubble stability.

Conclusions:

The study supports a dynamical origin for stable surface nanobubbles.
The non-equilibrium coarse-grained model provides a valuable tool for future research on nanobubble phenomena.