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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E: a puzzling double-faced disease.

L Romanò1, S Paladini, A R Zanetti

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Italy.

Annali Di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva E Di Comunita
|April 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes widespread epidemics in developing nations and sporadic cases in developed countries, often from zoonotic sources. Vaccines offer a safe and effective solution for controlling this viral infection.

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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection
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"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • * Virology
  • * Epidemiology
  • * Public Health

Background:

  • * Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a significant cause of water-borne epidemics in developing countries, particularly genotypes 1 and 2.
  • * In developed countries, locally acquired cases of HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are increasing, with a suspected zoonotic origin from mammals.
  • * HEV infection poses risks, including chronic infection in immunosuppressed individuals, neurological disorders, and extrahepatic manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To summarize the epidemiology and clinical significance of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections.
  • * To highlight the zoonotic potential of HEV genotypes 3 and 4.
  • * To discuss the advent and efficacy of novel HEV vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • * Review of epidemiological data on HEV outbreaks and sporadic cases globally.
  • * Analysis of the transmission routes and animal reservoirs for HEV genotypes.
  • * Evaluation of clinical outcomes and the role of immunosuppression in HEV infection.
  • * Assessment of the safety and efficacy data for newly developed HEV vaccines.

Main Results:

  • * Genotypes 1 and 2 cause large-scale epidemics in developing regions, leading to high mortality, especially in pregnant women.
  • * Genotypes 3 and 4 are increasingly reported in developed countries, linked to zoonotic transmission from animals like pigs and deer.
  • * HEV genotype 3 can lead to chronic infections, neurological issues, and other conditions outside the liver in immunocompromised patients.
  • * Recently developed recombinant HEV vaccines demonstrate high safety and efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • * Hepatitis E remains a major public health concern, with distinct epidemiological patterns in developing versus developed countries.
  • * Zoonotic transmission of HEV genotypes 3 and 4 presents a growing challenge in non-endemic regions.
  • * The availability of effective HEV vaccines marks a significant advancement in disease prevention and control.