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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
What is a Nervous System?01:25

What is a Nervous System?

Overview

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

Virus infections in the nervous system.

Orkide O Koyuncu1, Ian B Hogue, Lynn W Enquist

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Viruses can infect the mammalian nervous system (NS), spreading from peripheral tissues to the central nervous system (CNS). Alphaherpesviruses efficiently establish persistent infections in the NS, leading to severe pathology.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Virus infections often start in peripheral tissues and can spread to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).
  • The CNS possesses robust immune defenses and physical barriers, yet certain viruses can breach these protections.
  • Viruses exploit neuronal pathways and cell biology to invade and propagate within the nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms of viral entry and spread within the mammalian nervous system.
  • To emphasize the role of alphaherpesviruses in establishing persistent nervous system infections.
  • To discuss viral pathogenesis in both the PNS and CNS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of viral neuroinvasion and neuro-spread.

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

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  • Analysis of viral strategies for overcoming CNS barriers.
  • Focus on alphaherpesvirus lifecycle and persistence.

    • Main Results:

    • Some viruses, like alphaherpesviruses and rabies virus, efficiently invade the NS.
    • Alphaherpesviruses establish latent infections in the PNS, with potential for severe CNS complications.
    • Viral infections can cause direct cellular damage and immune-mediated pathology in the NS.

    Conclusions:

    • Viruses possess diverse strategies to access and disseminate within the nervous system.
    • Alphaherpesviruses are significant pathogens capable of long-term NS persistence and causing serious neurological disease.
    • Understanding viral neuroinvasion is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies.