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Anatomy of the Ear

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract IV: Auscultation

Auscultation is a crucial component of the physical assessment of the respiratory tract. It offers valuable insights into airflow through the bronchial tree and potential lung obstructions. This process involves careful listening to breath, voice, and adventitious sounds, which can reveal a wealth of information about a patient's respiratory health.
Breath Sounds
Breath sounds are categorized into vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
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Three primary contributing factors have been identified.

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
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It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

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Earache.

Keith Conover¹

¹Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Suite 10028, Forbes Tower, PA 15260, USA. kconover@pitt.edu

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America

|April 23, 2013

Summary

Earache is a common emergency visit symptom with diverse causes, some unrelated to the ear itself. This review covers diagnosis and treatment for various ear conditions, including infections and injuries.

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Emergency Medicine

Background:

Earache is a frequent chief complaint in emergency departments.
Causes of earache can originate from conditions distant from the ear.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnosis and treatment of common ear-related conditions presenting as earache.
To provide a comprehensive overview of ear pathologies encountered in emergency settings.

Main Methods:

Literature review of common causes of earache.
Discussion of diagnostic approaches for various ear conditions.
Outline of treatment strategies for identified ear pathologies.

Main Results:

Identified conditions include acute otitis media, otitis externa, and complications like mastoiditis.

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Foreign bodies and cerumen impactions are also common treatable causes.

Traumatic tympanic membrane rupture and otitis media with effusion require specific management.

Conclusions:

Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective earache management.
A broad differential diagnosis, considering referred pain, is essential.
Appropriate treatment of diverse ear conditions can significantly improve patient outcomes.