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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry, similar...
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
Bacterial Phylum Actinobacteria01:30

Bacterial Phylum Actinobacteria

Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...

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Analysis of the Lipid Composition of Mycobacteria by Thin Layer Chromatography
07:42

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Published on: April 16, 2021

Thiol modified mycolic acids.

Mohammed O Balogun1, Enlli H Huws, Muthana M Sirhan

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antibodies to mycolic acids in patient serum may indicate active tuberculosis (TB). New synthetic mycolic acids show potential for developing advanced diagnostic sensors to detect these TB-specific antibodies.

Keywords:
Cyclic voltammetryGold surfacesMycolic acidsThiolated

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Active tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis relies on identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Patient serum antibodies to mycolic acids show promise as TB biomarkers.
  • Distinguishing TB antibodies from cross-reactive antibodies to cholesterol is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore mycolic acids as potential surrogate markers for active TB.
  • To synthesize novel mycolic acid derivatives for sensor development.
  • To investigate the diagnostic potential of patient antibodies targeting mycolic acids.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of single stereoisomers of mycolic acids with specific chain lengths and a terminal sulfur substituent.
  • Characterization of mycolic acid-antibody interactions in patient serum (active TB, latent TB, no TB).
  • Assessment of mycolic acid derivative binding to a gold electrode surface.

Main Results:

  • Mycolic acids interact more strongly with antibodies from active TB patients compared to latent TB or healthy individuals.
  • A synthesized mycolic acid derivative successfully binds to a gold electrode surface.
  • This binding indicates potential for developing sensitive diagnostic sensors.

Conclusions:

  • Patient serum antibodies to mycolic acids can serve as potential biomarkers for active TB.
  • Novel synthetic mycolic acids facilitate the development of next-generation diagnostic sensors.
  • These sensors offer a promising avenue for improved TB detection.