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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Cell death is the irreversible loss of cellular structure and function, representing the final stage of severe injury. It plays a key role in both normal physiology and disease.Types of Cell DeathThe two main types are necrosis and apoptosis, though others like necroptosis and pyroptosis also exist.Necrosis:Necrosis is an unregulated form of cell death caused by severe injury such as trauma, toxins, or ischemia. It is characterized by cell swelling, membrane loss, rupture, and leakage of...

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Adaptive immunity after cell death.

Santiago Zelenay1, Caetano Reis e Sousa

  • 1Immunobiology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.

Trends in Immunology
|April 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) initiate immune responses in sterile conditions by controlling specialized dendritic cell functions. These DAMP receptors regulate antigen presentation, impacting adaptive immunity and tolerance.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immunity to pathogens is well-understood, but initiation in sterile conditions (tumors, grafts, autoimmune disorders) is less clear.
  • Dying cells release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) proposed to activate dendritic cells (DCs) for T cell responses.
  • Existing knowledge focuses on DAMPs activating DCs, but their role in sterile immunity is still emerging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in initiating immune responses in sterile environments.
  • To explore how DAMPs interact with dendritic cells (DCs) beyond simple activation.
  • To understand the regulatory mechanisms of adaptive immunity and tolerance involving DAMPs.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of DAMP receptors and their impact on dendritic cell (DC) function.
  • Investigating immune responses in models of sterile inflammation.
  • Studying T cell activation and antigen presentation in the context of cell death.

Main Results:

  • Some DAMP receptors do not affect DC activation but control specialized functions like antigen acquisition and presentation.
  • This selectivity indicates a novel regulatory point in adaptive immunity.
  • DAMPs play a nonredundant role in responses to both sterile and non-sterile insults.

Conclusions:

  • DAMP receptors offer a new level of control over adaptive immunity and tolerance.
  • DAMPs are crucial for immune responses in sterile conditions, influencing DC specialization.
  • Understanding DAMPs' role in sterile immunity opens avenues for therapeutic interventions in autoimmune diseases and cancer.