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Phylogeny and fruit evolution in Menispermaceae.

Keir M Wefferling1, Sara B Hoot, Susana S Neves

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, P. O. Box 413, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.

American Journal of Botany
|April 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study links Menispermaceae endocarp morphology to its molecular phylogeny, revealing key fruit characters for identifying fossil plants and understanding ancient wet forest ecosystems.

Keywords:
Menispermaceaecondyleendocarpfruit evolutionphylogeny

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Area of Science:

  • Paleobotany
  • Plant Morphology
  • Molecular Phylogenetics

Background:

  • Menispermaceous endocarps are significant paleobotanical indicators of wet forest ecosystems.
  • Understanding endocarp morphology is crucial for identifying fossil Menispermaceae.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey endocarp morphology of Menispermaceae in conjunction with a molecular phylogeny.
  • To establish diagnostic fruit characters for extant and fossil specimens.
  • To explore the evolutionary history of Menispermaceae fruit morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of three chloroplast regions for 53 genera and 60 species.
  • Dissection and morphological character scoring of endocarps from 47 genera and 92 species.
  • Superimposition of morphological data onto the molecular phylogeny to study character evolution.

Main Results:

  • Menispermaceae comprises two subfamilies: Tinosporoideae (basal Coscineae) and Menispermoideae (basal Menispermeae).
  • Distinct morphological differences in style scars, curvature, condyles, and cotyledons characterize the two subfamilies.
  • Tinosporoideae: apical style scars, bilateral curvature, subhemispherical condyles, foliaceous cotyledons.
  • Menispermoideae: basal/subbasal style scars, dorsoventral curvature, compressed condyles, subterete/fleshy cotyledons.

Conclusions:

  • Specific fruit characters diagnose major clades and subclades within Menispermaceae.
  • Ancestral fruit characters include basal/subbasal stylar scars, dorsoventral curvature, and woody/bony endocarp walls.
  • The study provides a key for identifying fossil and extant Menispermaceae specimens to clade or genus level.