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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Vascular Spasm01:16

Vascular Spasm

The vascular phase, also known as vasospasm, is the initial stage of hemostasis, crucial for preventing excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured. After a vessel is cut, nerves in the damaged area trigger pain and other sensory impulses. Simultaneously, the smooth muscles in the vessel wall contract, resulting in a vascular spasm. This contraction reduces the vessel's diameter at the injury site, slowing or stopping blood loss through the vessel wall. Vascular spasms typically last for...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
10:50

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Childhood central nervous system vasculitis.

Mahendranath Moharir1, Manohar Shroff, Susanne M Benseler

  • 1Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
|April 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Childhood inflammatory brain diseases, including central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis, can cause severe deficits. Early evaluation and diagnosis are crucial for potentially reversible outcomes in affected children.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo
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Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Childhood Inflammatory Diseases

Background:

  • Inflammatory brain diseases in children are often underrecognized.
  • These conditions can lead to severe, yet potentially reversible, neurological and psychiatric deficits.
  • New-onset neurological or psychiatric symptoms in children warrant investigation for underlying inflammatory causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To focus on central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis in the pediatric population.
  • To highlight the importance of evaluating new-onset neurological or psychiatric deficits in children.
  • To discuss the diagnostic approach for inflammatory brain diseases in childhood.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations of childhood inflammatory brain diseases.
  • Analysis of initial laboratory tests and neuroimaging findings.
  • Discussion of the role of invasive diagnostic procedures like lumbar puncture, angiography, and brain biopsy.

Main Results:

  • Clinical symptoms, initial tests, and neuroimaging aid in differentiating causes.
  • Invasive tests are often required for definitive diagnosis before treatment initiation.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is an increasingly reported entity in children.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt evaluation is essential for children presenting with new neurological or psychiatric deficits.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is a significant concern in pediatric neurology.
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment are critical for managing potentially reversible deficits in childhood inflammatory brain diseases.