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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...

Reproductive Cloning

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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

Published on: July 8, 2020

[Strategic hormonal reproductive programs in cows. Part 2: Presynchronization and resynchronization].

C Schmidt¹, Z Gajewski, A Wehrend

¹Tierärztliche Klinik Dr. Eller, Hofheim i. Ufr.

Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere/Nutztiere

|April 24, 2013

Summary

Hormonal presynchronization and resynchronization methods improve cattle reproductive performance. These programs optimize insemination timing and increase pregnancy rates in dairy herds.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

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Published on: July 7, 2023

Area of Science:

Reproductive endocrinology in livestock.
Veterinary reproductive management.

Context:

The Ovsynch program is a common method for synchronizing ovulation in cattle.
Pregnancy rates with Ovsynch are influenced by the stage of the estrous cycle at initiation.
Inseminating open cows promptly after the Ovsynch program presents a challenge.

Purpose:

To describe hormonal presynchronization and resynchronization strategies in cattle.
To review methods for improving reproductive efficiency in dairy herds.
To address challenges in timely insemination of non-pregnant cows.

Summary:

Presynchronization methods, using prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues, have been developed to optimize the Ovsynch program.
A post-insemination treatment seven days before pregnancy examination is recommended for early insemination of open cows.
Resynchronization involves administering PGF2α to non-pregnant cows to facilitate rapid re-insemination.

Impact:

Implementing presynchronization and resynchronization programs can significantly enhance the reproductive performance of a dairy herd.
These strategies contribute to improved breeding efficiency and potentially higher conception rates.
Optimized reproductive management through hormonal protocols can lead to economic benefits for dairy operations.