Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Irritable bowel syndrome is related to small fibre pathology in patients with fibromyalgia.

Clinical and experimental rheumatology·2026

Same author

Flash pain and rapid extinction of nociception in Marsili syndrome: a neurophysiological single-case study.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026

Same author

Mechanistic Insights into Piperine-Driven Oxidative Stress, Autophagy Activation and Anti-Migration Effects in Caco-2 Cells.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same author

Sex-sensitive and insensitive endocrine responses and infradian changes while trekking in the Himalayas.

Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology·2026

Same author

A Longitudinal Observational Study to Monitor the Outpatient-Caregiver Dyad in a Rehabilitation Hospital: Sociodemographic Characteristics and the Impact of Cognitive and Functional Impairment.

Brain sciences·2025

Same author

A questionnaire-based exploration on therapists' perception on technology-assisted rehabilitation.

Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Pain and thyroid hormones.

Anna Maria Aloisi¹, Stella Vodo, Michelangelo Buonocore

¹Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy, annamaria.aloisi@unisi.it.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

|April 24, 2013

Summary

This review explores the connection between the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and chronic pain. Understanding hormone regulation of pain offers new therapeutic targets.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Neuroscience
Pain Medicine

Background:

Endocrine systems significantly influence chronic pain mechanisms.
Hormones can directly or indirectly induce, reduce, or modulate painful conditions.
Previous research focused on the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, necessitating exploration of other endocrine pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the limited literature on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and its relationship with pain.
To highlight the potential interactions between the HPT axis and pain mechanisms.
To stimulate further research into this under-explored area.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on thyroid function and pain.
Analysis of available data on the HPT axis and its potential role in pain modulation.
Synthesis of findings to identify gaps in current knowledge.

Main Results:

The role of the HPT axis in chronic pain is largely understudied.
Existing data suggest a potential, yet unconfirmed, interaction between thyroid hormones and pain perception.
Significant gaps exist in understanding the specific mechanisms involved.

Conclusions:

The HPT axis represents a promising, yet underexplored, area for understanding chronic pain.
Further experimental and clinical research is crucial to elucidate the HPT axis's role in pain.
Investigating the HPT axis may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for pain management.