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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
11:33

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics

Published on: January 19, 2018

Solid-state electronic spin coherence time approaching one second.

N Bar-Gill1, L M Pham, A Jarmola

  • 1Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.

Nature Communications
|April 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers significantly extended the spin coherence time (T₂) of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond to nearly 0.6 seconds at 77 K. This breakthrough enhances NV centers for quantum information and sensing applications.

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Measurement of Coherence Decay in GaMnAs Using Femtosecond Four-wave Mixing
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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

All-electronic Nanosecond-resolved Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Facilitating the Investigation of Single Dopant Charge Dynamics
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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Solid-state spin systems
  • Diamond quantum technologies

Background:

  • Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are key solid-state systems for quantum information, sensing, and metrology.
  • A major challenge is achieving spin coherence times (T₂) significantly longer than quantum manipulation times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To substantially improve the spin coherence time (T₂) of NV centers.
  • To investigate the factors limiting T₂ in NV center ensembles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dynamical decoupling pulse sequences to minimize decoherence in NV centers.
  • Measured T₂ across a range of temperatures to identify limiting factors.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a T₂ of approximately 0.6 seconds at 77 K, an improvement of over two orders of magnitude.
  • Found T₂ to be limited to roughly half the longitudinal spin relaxation time.
  • Attributed the decoherence to phonon interactions over a wide temperature range.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced T₂ of NV centers paves the way for advanced quantum sensing and metrology.
  • Enables the creation of entangled states and simulation of complex quantum many-body systems.
  • Highlights phonon-induced decoherence as a critical factor for NV center performance.