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Related Concept Videos

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Cell Diversity01:13

Cell Diversity

The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
Multicellular organisms...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors01:41

Signal Sequences and Sorting Receptors

Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...

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Laser Cell Ablation in Intact Drosophila Larvae Reveals Synaptic Competition
05:27

Laser Cell Ablation in Intact Drosophila Larvae Reveals Synaptic Competition

Published on: July 26, 2024

Competing signals drive telencephalon diversity.

J B Sylvester1, C A Rich, C Yi

  • 1Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.

Nature Communications
|April 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary brain diversity arises from competing Hedgehog and Wingless signals. These signals influence the timing of gene expression, shaping distinct telencephalon structures in cichlid fish.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • The telencephalon, crucial for complex behaviors, exhibits diverse evolutionary forms.
  • Understanding the developmental mechanisms driving telencephalon evolution remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how evolutionary changes in telencephalon patterning occur.
  • To identify the signaling pathways responsible for dorsal-ventral patterning divergence in cichlid fish telencephalon.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of rock- and sand-dwelling cichlid fish from Lake Malawi.
  • Examination of Hedgehog and Wingless signaling pathway activity and foxg1 expression.
  • Experimental manipulation of signaling pathways in cichlid and zebrafish embryos.

Main Results:

  • Differences in the timing and strength of ventral Hedgehog and dorsal Wingless signals correlate with telencephalon morphology.
  • Rock dwellers display early Hedgehog activity, leading to a larger subpallium.
  • Sand dwellers show rapid Wingless deployment, resulting in a larger pallium.

Conclusions:

  • Competing ventral Hedgehog and dorsal Wingless signals are key mediators of evolutionary diversification in the telencephalon.
  • Signal timing and strength are critical factors in establishing distinct brain structures during evolution.