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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

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Effect of two single nucleotide polymorphisms on milk yield and composition.

J C Rincón1, A López-Herrera, J J Echeverri

  • 1Grupo de Biodiversidad y Genética Molecular, Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. jcrincon@unal.edu.co

Genetics and Molecular Research : GMR
|April 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene polymorphism is linked to milk yield and protein percentage in Holstein cows. The bGH gene is a potential candidate for marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding programs.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Genetics
  • Dairy Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Bovine prolactin (PRL) and bovine growth hormone (bGH) genes have polymorphisms detectable by molecular methods.
  • Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, using RsaI for PRL and MspI for bGH, is a key molecular technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between PRL-RsaI and bGH-MspI gene polymorphisms and economically important traits in Holstein cows.
  • To identify genetic markers for improving dairy production characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Genotyping of 315 Holstein cows using Polymerase Chain Reaction/Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR/RFLP).
  • Statistical analysis employing generalized linear models and regression analysis.
  • Evaluation of milk yield and milk protein percentage.

Main Results:

  • Bovine growth hormone (bGH) gene polymorphism showed a significant association with milk protein percentage and milk yield.
  • Genotype (-/-) of bGH was favorable for higher milk yield, while genotype (+/+) was favorable for increased protein percentage.
  • No significant association was found between the bovine prolactin (PRL) gene polymorphism and the evaluated traits.

Conclusions:

  • The bGH gene is a promising candidate for marker-assisted selection programs aimed at enhancing milk production traits in dairy cattle.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes and balanced genotypes is recommended to elucidate the effect of the PRL gene.