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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Variability: Analysis01:11

Variability: Analysis

Measures of variability are statistical metrics that reveal the dispersion pattern within a dataset. They are pivotal in biostatistics, providing insights into the heterogeneity within health and biological data. Variability signifies the degree to which data points diverge from one another, helping researchers understand the potential range of values and associated uncertainty within the data.
The range is a simple measure of variability, indicating the difference between the highest and...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

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Erratum. Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Over 30 Years of Follow-up in the DCCT/EDIC Study. Diabetes Care 2017;40:1010-1016.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples
07:23

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples

Published on: January 17, 2025

Glucose variability.

F John Service1

  • 1Mayo College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. service.john@ mayo.edu

Diabetes
|April 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucose variability may worsen diabetes complications more than average glucose levels. Intermittent high blood sugar increases oxidative stress, a key factor in diabetes complications.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Bergmeyer Glucose Quantification for Microbiological Samples
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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research
  • Diabetes Complications

Background:

  • Oxidative stress is implicated in diabetes complications.
  • Intermittent hyperglycemia may induce greater oxidative stress than sustained hyperglycemia.
  • Glucose variability is a potential contributor to diabetes pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of glucose variability in diabetes complications.
  • To differentiate the impact of glucose variability from glycemic exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing comprehensive glycemia recordings.
  • Developing methods to measure glucose variability.
  • Calculating glucose variability independent of time to avoid confounding with glycemic exposure.

Main Results:

  • Oxidative stress is heightened during intermittent hyperglycemia.
  • Glucose variability measurement requires comprehensive data.
  • Time-independent calculation is crucial for accurate variability assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Glucose variability, particularly intermittent hyperglycemia, may drive diabetes complications via oxidative stress.
  • Accurate measurement of glucose variability is essential for understanding its role in diabetes.