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Related Concept Videos

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
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Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
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Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
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Multi-Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection in Gastric Cancer Based on Ion Semiconductor Sequencing Platform
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[Ethnicity in pharmacogenetics].

Timothy A A Sontoredjo1, Anthonius de Boer, Anke H Maitland-van der Zee

  • 1Universiteit van Utrecht, afd. Farmaco-epidemiologie en Klinische Farmacie, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|April 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ethnic variations influence drug responses due to genetic differences, affecting drug metabolism and receptor binding. While some drugs are marketed for specific ethnic groups, ethnicity alone is not ideal for adjusting medication dosages.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Multi-Gene Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Detection in Gastric Cancer Based on Ion Semiconductor Sequencing Platform
06:21

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Published on: May 10, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds exhibit varied responses to medications.
  • These differences are partly attributed to genetic variations influencing drug metabolism and receptor interactions.
  • Specific medications, like BiDil for heart failure in African Americans, have been developed considering ethnic responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore ethnicity-related differences in drug efficacy and adverse effects.
  • To examine the role of genetic variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics across ethnic groups.
  • To assess the suitability of ethnicity as a basis for medication dosage adjustments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on ethnic variations in drug response.
  • Analysis of genetic factors, including variations in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and drug receptors.
  • Examination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences among ethnic groups.
  • Consideration of ethnic differences in adverse drug reactions, such as HLA-mediated hypersensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Significant ethnic variations exist in how individuals respond to certain medications.
  • Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP) and drug targets contribute to these differences.
  • Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability, as well as adverse effects, can differ across ethnic populations.
  • The drug BiDil was specifically marketed for African Americans with heart failure due to differential responses to ACE inhibitors.

Conclusions:

  • Ethnicity-based drug response variations are influenced by genetic factors.
  • While genetic variations impact drug metabolism and receptor binding, ethnicity is not a reliable sole basis for adjusting drug dosages.
  • Genotyping may offer a more precise approach for personalized medicine than relying on broad ethnic classifications.