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Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Learning Disabilities01:25

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults
08:25

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

Published on: October 19, 2014

Attention deficit.

David W Dunn1, William G Kronenberger

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting frontostriatal pathways. Effective treatments combine behavioral therapies and medications like stimulants or atomoxetine, with primary ADHD responding better to pharmacotherapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a familial neurodevelopmental disorder impacting frontostriatal pathways, potentially involving the cerebellum and parietal lobe.
  • It is a polygenetic disorder primarily affecting catecholaminergic systems, often persisting from childhood into adulthood.
  • Comorbidity with disruptive behavior, anxiety, mood disorders, and learning disabilities is frequent; secondary attention problems stem from neurological damage, toxins, or genetic syndromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of primary and secondary attention problems.
  • To highlight the role of pharmacotherapy and behavioral interventions in managing ADHD.
  • To compare treatment response in primary versus secondary attention deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on ADHD and attention disorders.
  • Discussion of diagnostic tools including questionnaires and neuropsychological assessments.
  • Analysis of treatment strategies, including behavioral therapies and pharmacotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Questionnaires and neuropsychological assessments aid in ADHD diagnosis and cognitive evaluation.
  • Behavioral therapies combined with medication are standard treatment for ADHD.
  • Stimulants are effective for attention issues, while non-stimulants like atomoxetine are also beneficial, especially in comorbid cases.

Conclusions:

  • Primary ADHD shows a better response to pharmacotherapy than secondary attention problems.
  • Multimodal treatment approaches are crucial for managing ADHD and associated comorbidities.
  • Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings is key to developing targeted ADHD therapies.