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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
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Published on: September 20, 2024

Immune-mediated pediatric epilepsies.

Christian G Bien1, Angela Vincent

  • 1Epilepsy Center Bethel, Bielefeld, Germany.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune-mediated brain disorders like limbic encephalitis, anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and SREAT are linked to recurrent seizures. Early immunotherapy and tumor removal improve outcomes for anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

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Interictal High Frequency Oscillations Detected with Simultaneous Magnetoencephalography and Electroencephalography as Biomarker of Pediatric Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Immune-mediated brain disorders, excluding Rasmussen encephalitis, are increasingly recognized.
  • These conditions frequently present with recurrent epileptic seizures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review key immune-mediated encephalopathies associated with seizures.
  • To highlight diagnostic features and prognostic factors for limbic encephalitis, anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and SREAT.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of immune-mediated encephalopathies.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, autoantibody associations, and treatment responses.

Main Results:

  • Limbic encephalitis affects the mediotemporal cortex, causing temporal lobe seizures and cognitive/affective issues; autoantibodies can indicate underlying cancer.
  • Anti-NMDAR encephalitis, common in young females, involves severe encephalopathy with extratemporal seizures; ovarian teratomas are frequent in adults, and tumor removal/immunotherapy improve prognosis.
  • Steroid-Responsive Encephalopathy Associated with Autoimmune Thyroiditis (SREAT) is characterized by thyroid antibodies and a positive response to steroids.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and targeted immunotherapy are crucial for managing these autoimmune neurological disorders.
  • Understanding specific autoantibody profiles aids in identifying underlying causes and predicting patient outcomes.