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Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Nervous System01:13

Organization of the Nervous System

The nervous system is one of the most complex systems in our body. It is organized into two main divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS, comprising the brain and spinal cord, houses billions of neurons. The brain is housed in the skull, while the spinal cord is linked to the brain through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone and is surrounded by the protective structure of the vertebral column. It is responsible for processing various...
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Glial Cells

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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves01:24

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge the gap between the CNS and the external environment. It encompasses nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Nerves
The nerve is a bundle of axons that serves as the communication highway in the PNS. Each nerve is ensheathed in a protective layer of connective tissue called the epineurium. This outermost layer safeguards the nerve and supports the...
Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells01:31

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...
What is a Nervous System?01:25

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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
Alzheimer's disease manifests as a gradual decline in memory and cognitive abilities, attributed to the buildup of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.
Parkinson's disease arises from the...

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Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
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Published on: December 27, 2024

Central nervous system tumors.

Grill Jacques1, Owens Cormac

  • 1Brain Tumor Program, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors are common and deadly, causing significant neurological issues. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care in specialized centers are crucial for improving outcomes for pediatric brain tumor survivors.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Neuro-oncology
  • Childhood Cancer Research

Background:

  • Central nervous system (CNS) tumors represent the most common pediatric malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related death in children.
  • A significant number of childhood brain tumor survivors face long-term neurological and cognitive deficits due to the tumor and its treatments.
  • Tumor heterogeneity in histology, biology, treatment, and outcomes presents challenges in pediatric CNS tumor management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosing and treating pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors.
  • To emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary care and early rehabilitation for improving outcomes in childhood brain tumor patients.
  • To discuss the heterogeneity of CNS tumors and their impact on morbidity.

Main Methods:

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  • Review of current literature on pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors.
  • Analysis of diagnostic challenges, including nonspecific early symptoms and common tumor locations (posterior fossa, supratentorial).
  • Discussion of treatment modalities, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery, and their indications based on tumor histology.

Main Results:

  • Delayed diagnosis is common due to nonspecific symptoms.
  • Posterior fossa tumors frequently present with intracranial hypertension; supratentorial tumors are more common in infants/adolescents and may cause seizures.
  • Radiotherapy is a primary adjuvant treatment, with chemotherapy effective for specific histologies like low-grade gliomas and infant malignant gliomas.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors require specialized, multidisciplinary care, ideally in tertiary centers.
  • Early integration of rehabilitation programs post-surgery is essential for managing treatment-related morbidity.
  • Addressing the heterogeneity of these tumors is key to optimizing treatment strategies and patient outcomes.