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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.

Michael Pike1

  • 1Oxford Children's Hospital, Oxford, UK.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder often linked to neuroblastoma. Diagnosis is clinical, and while immunomodulatory therapies show promise, long-term sequelae are common.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neurological disorder typically presenting in early childhood.
  • Key features include opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, irritability, and sleep disturbances, frequently associated with neuroblastoma.
  • The condition is often misdiagnosed as acute cerebellar ataxia due to the lack of specific diagnostic tests.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and treatment of opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and the immunological underpinnings of the disorder.
  • To review current therapeutic strategies and their outcomes in OMS.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing data on opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome.

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Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
07:35

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale

Published on: July 8, 2025

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
07:20

Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Published on: August 9, 2024

  • Analysis of clinical features, diagnostic criteria, and proposed pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of reported treatment responses to immunomodulatory therapies and their efficacy.

    • Main Results:

    • Diagnosis of OMS is primarily clinical, as neuroimaging and other investigations yield nonspecific results.
    • The pathophysiology is suspected to be immunological, with evidence of autoantibodies and increased cerebrospinal fluid B-cells, though no definitive marker exists.
    • While various immunomodulatory treatments like steroids and IVIg offer symptomatic relief, randomized trials are scarce due to the condition's rarity.

    Conclusions:

    • Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome requires a clinical diagnosis and is often associated with neuroblastoma.
    • Immunomodulatory therapies can provide symptomatic benefit, but long-term neurological, behavioral, and cognitive sequelae persist in affected children.
    • Further research is needed to identify diagnostic markers and optimize treatment strategies for this rare disorder.