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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
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Published on: June 13, 2019

The optic nerve and visual pathways.

Christopher J Lyons1, Atchareeya Wiwatwongwana

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers the clinical examination of the optic disc and visual pathways in children. It details methods for assessing vision, detecting abnormalities, and understanding visual field defects in pediatric patients.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Neurology

Background:

  • The optic disc and visual pathways are critical for vision.
  • Abnormalities can lead to significant visual impairment in children.
  • Early detection and diagnosis are essential for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical examination of the optic disc in pediatric patients.
  • To discuss the assessment of visual pathway integrity, including vision and visual field examinations.
  • To review congenital anomalies, visual impairment presentations, and diagnostic approaches in children.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical examination techniques for the optic disc.
  • Methods for assessing vision and visual fields in infants and children.
  • Discussion of diagnostic criteria for optic disc abnormalities and visual field defects.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of optic disc assessment, including size, configuration, cupping, and swelling.
  • Explanation of visual field examination in children and common field defects.
  • Identification of congenital anomalies and their systemic associations.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate clinical examination of the optic disc and visual pathways is crucial for diagnosing visual impairments in children.
  • Understanding congenital anomalies and their significance aids in early diagnosis and management.
  • A systematic approach to visual impairment, including nystagmus evaluation, is necessary for comprehensive care.