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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in acid or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

DXA parameters: beyond bone mineral density.

Karine Briot1

  • 1Service de rhumatologie, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Descartes, hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France. karine.briot@cch.aphp.fr

Joint Bone Spine
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides bone mineral density (BMD) for osteoporosis diagnosis. Additional DXA parameters, like vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) and trabecular bone score (TBS), improve fracture risk prediction beyond BMD alone.

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Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis
08:04

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

Published on: March 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Osteoporosis and Bone Health
  • Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for diagnosing osteoporosis via bone mineral density (BMD) measurement.
  • BMD alone is insufficient for accurately predicting fracture risk.
  • DXA enables simultaneous assessment of additional parameters, including vertebral fractures and bone microarchitecture, to identify high-risk individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of additional DXA-derived parameters beyond BMD for fracture risk assessment.
  • To highlight the clinical applicability of Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) and Trabecular Bone Score (TBS).

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing DXA to measure BMD, assess vertebral fractures (VFA), and analyze bone texture (TBS).
  • Comparing the predictive value of these parameters for fracture risk.
  • Reviewing existing cross-sectional and prospective studies on VFA and TBS efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Vertebral Fracture Assessment (VFA) is a low-radiation method effective in detecting asymptomatic vertebral fractures, influencing patient management in one-third of cases.
  • Trabecular Bone Score (TBS) correlates with 3D bone microarchitecture independently of BMD and has demonstrated effectiveness in identifying individuals with fractures.
  • VFA offers a good negative predictive value, guiding treatment decisions.

Conclusions:

  • DXA offers more than just BMD measurement; VFA and TBS are valuable adjuncts for comprehensive fracture risk assessment.
  • VFA and TBS show promise in improving clinical decision-making for osteoporosis management.
  • Further research is needed to establish TBS as a routine clinical tool for difficult treatment decisions.