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Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

The Mammary Glands

The Mammary Glands

The female breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size positioned anterior to the pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles. A fascia layer composed of dense, irregular connective tissue connects it to these muscles.
Each breast features a pigmented projection known as the nipple, through which milk emerges via closely spaced openings of ducts, referred to as lactiferous ducts. Surrounding the nipple is a circular pigmented area of skin named the areola, which appears rough due to...

Aneurysm III: Interprofessional Care

Aneurysm III: Interprofessional Care

Aneurysm management involves either conservative medical therapy or surgical intervention, depending on the size and symptoms of the aneurysm. Conservative management is generally reserved for smaller, asymptomatic aneurysms, while larger or symptomatic aneurysms often necessitate surgical repair.Conservative Medical TherapyFor small, asymptomatic aneurysms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) less than 5.5 centimeters in diameter, conservative medical therapy is recommended. This...

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Aneurysm IV: Nursing Management

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

The ruptured PIP breast implant.

V Helyar¹, C Burke, S McWilliams

¹Department of Radiology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 9RT, UK.

Clinical Radiology

|April 30, 2013

Summary

Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) breast implants used industrial silicone, leading to ruptures and public concern. This review examines screening methods for PIP implants and identifies rupture characteristics.

Area of Science:

Medical Device Safety
Biomaterials Science
Plastic Surgery

Background:

Public concern arose in 2011 regarding Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) breast implants.
These implants contained substandard, unlicensed industrial-grade silicone, linked to elevated rupture rates.
This led to national guidance in the UK, increasing referrals for asymptomatic women.

Purpose of the Study:

To review screening approaches for the Poly Implant Prothèse (PIP) cohort.
To identify the key characteristics of ruptured PIP breast implants.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and clinical guidance.
Analysis of reported cases and characteristics of ruptured implants.
Discussion of screening strategies for patients with PIP implants.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction

Published on: May 17, 2024

Main Results:

High rates of rupture associated with industrial-grade silicone in PIP implants.
Increased clinical assessment of asymptomatic women post-guidance issuance.
Identification of specific features indicative of implant rupture.

Conclusions:

Effective screening protocols are necessary for the PIP cohort.
Understanding rupture characteristics aids in patient management and safety.
Addressing concerns related to substandard medical devices is crucial.