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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Thyroid autoimmunity and polyglandular endocrine syndromes.

Jean-Louis Wémeau1, Emmanuelle Proust-Lemoine, Amélie Ryndak

  • 1Clinique Endocrinologique Marc Linquette, Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Claude Huriez, 4(ème) Ouest, CHRU, Lille Cedex, France. jl-wemeau@chru-lille.fr

Hormones (Athens, Greece)
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroiditis often co-occurs with other autoimmune conditions, particularly in polyendocrine syndrome type 2. Thyroid autoimmunity is rare in childhood polyendocrine syndrome type 1, linked to AIRE gene mutations.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis
10:52

Preparation of Mouse Pituitary Immunogen for the Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Hypophysitis

Published on: December 17, 2010

A High-Throughput Electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex Assay Simultaneously Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Multiple Autoimmune Diseases
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis is a key organ-specific autoimmune disorder.
  • It frequently associates with other endocrine and non-endocrine autoimmune diseases.
  • Thyroid disorders are common in polyendocrine syndrome type 2, but rare in type 1.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the associations of autoimmune thyroid diseases with other autoimmune conditions.
  • To explore the genetic basis of autoimmune thyroid disorders in different polyendocrine syndromes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autoimmune thyroiditis and polyendocrine syndromes.
  • Analysis of genetic factors, including AIRE gene mutations.

Main Results:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis commonly presents with vitiligo, pernicious anemia, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune gastritis, celiac disease, and hepatitis.
  • In polyendocrine syndrome type 2, thyroid disorders are frequent, associated with diabetes, Addison's disease, and ovarian failure.
  • Thyroid autoimmunity is uncommon in polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APECED), linked to AIRE gene mutations.
  • Hypothyroidism is also seen in rare IPEX and POEMS syndromes.

Conclusions:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis exhibits diverse clinical associations, forming the basis of polyendocrine syndromes.
  • Genetic factors, particularly AIRE gene mutations, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of specific polyendocrine syndromes with thyroid involvement.