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Related Concept Videos

Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

Non-nuclear Inheritance

Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Isolation of Nuclei from Flash-Frozen Liver Tissue for Single-Cell Multiomics
09:09

Isolation of Nuclei from Flash-Frozen Liver Tissue for Single-Cell Multiomics

Published on: December 9, 2022

Nuclear DNA content variation and evolution in liverworts.

Jillian D Bainard1, Laura L Forrest, Bernard Goffinet

  • 1Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1. jillian.bainard@gmail.com

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Liverwort DNA content varies significantly, with genome size showing a strong phylogenetic signal. However, no evidence of endopolyploidy or correlation between genome size and breeding systems was found in this study.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Embryophytes exhibit wide variation in DNA content, including genome size and endoreduplication.
  • Liverworts, sister to other plants, have limited data on DNA content evolution.
  • Understanding liverwort genome evolution provides insights into early land plant diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate phylogenetic structure in liverwort genome size and endopolyploidy.
  • To test the correlation between breeding system shifts and genome size evolution.
  • To explore polyploidy as a mechanism for monoecy in liverworts.

Main Methods:

  • Genome size measured for 67 liverwort species using flow cytometry.
  • Phylogenetic analysis based on the plastid rbcL gene.
  • New genome size estimates for 48 species and 16 families.

Main Results:

  • Wide range of genome sizes observed (0.27 pg to 20.46 pg).
  • No evidence of endopolyploidy detected in studied liverworts.
  • Strong phylogenetic signal in genome size variation (Pagel's λ=0.99955).

Conclusions:

  • Liverwort genome size variation is strongly influenced by phylogeny.
  • No correlation found between genome size and breeding system shifts.
  • Endopolyploidy does not appear to be a significant factor in liverwort genome evolution.