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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
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Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity
09:45

In Vitro SUMOylation Assay to Study SUMO E3 Ligase Activity

Published on: January 29, 2018

Interplay between viruses and host sumoylation pathways.

Roger D Everett1, Chris Boutell, Benjamin G Hale

  • 1MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK. roger.everett@glasgow.ac.uk

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses interact with the host's small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system to regulate viral replication and immunity. This review covers sumoylated viral proteins and their impact on host cell pathways.

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

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Published on: January 29, 2018

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11:28

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins regulates cellular functions.
  • Viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, extensively interact with host cell machinery.
  • The interplay between viral proteins and the host sumoylation system is crucial for viral life cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the interaction between viruses and the host sumoylation system.
  • To summarize known sumoylated viral proteins.
  • To explore how viruses manipulate SUMO pathways and the consequences for viral replication and immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on viral sumoylation.
  • Synthesis of information on viral protein sumoylation.
  • Analysis of the impact of SUMO pathway engagement on viral replication and host immunity.

Main Results:

  • Identification of numerous viral proteins that undergo sumoylation.
  • Description of diverse strategies viruses employ to engage with SUMO-related pathways.
  • Elucidation of the effects of these interactions on viral replication, innate immunity, and intrinsic immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Viral engagement with the host SUMO system is a common and significant phenomenon.
  • Understanding these interactions provides insights into viral pathogenesis and host defense mechanisms.
  • Targeting SUMO pathways represents a potential strategy for antiviral therapies.