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Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

Factors Affecting Drug Response: Overview

When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each indication due to...

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

Published on: September 10, 2018

Medicines information needs during pregnancy: a multinational comparison.

Katri Hämeen-Anttila¹, Johanna Jyrkkä, Hannes Enlund

¹Finnish Medicines Agency, Kuopio, Finland.

|April 30, 2013

Summary

Many pregnant women need information about medicines during pregnancy, relying on healthcare professionals and the internet. This multinational study highlights varying information needs and sources across different countries.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

Published on: September 10, 2018

Area of Science:

Pharmacovigilance
Maternal Health
Health Information Seeking Behavior

Background:

Pregnant women often require information regarding medication safety and efficacy.
Understanding information needs is crucial for maternal healthcare.
Previous research indicates varied access to health information globally.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the perceived need for medicines information among pregnant women.
To identify the sources of medicines information utilized by pregnant women.
To explore international variations in medicines information needs and sources.

Main Methods:

A cross-sectional, multinational, internet-based survey was conducted.
Participants included pregnant women and women with infants under 25 weeks.
Information needs were assessed via direct questioning, and sources were cataloged.

Main Results:

Over half (57%) of the 7092 respondents reported needing medicines information during pregnancy.
Respondents used an average of three information sources.
Healthcare professionals (physicians, pharmacy personnel, nurses/midwives) and the internet were the most common sources.

Conclusions:

A significant proportion of pregnant women actively seek medicines information.
Healthcare professionals and the internet are primary sources for this information.
Further research is warranted to optimize online medicines information for pregnant women.