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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure01:10

Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Assessing Blood Pressure

Accurate blood pressure assessment is crucial for diagnosing and managing various health conditions. To ensure the reliability of these measurements, healthcare professionals must adhere to standardized pre-procedural guidelines. These guidelines enhance patient safety and improve the overall quality of healthcare. The following steps are essential for obtaining accurate and consistent blood pressure readings, from using the appropriate tools to ensuring effective communication with the patient.
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Reference values for nerve ultrasonography in the upper extremity.

Sun Jae Won1, Byung-Jo Kim, Kyung Seok Park

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.

Muscle & Nerve
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study established normal reference values for upper extremity nerve ultrasonography, finding that nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) varies by measurement site and correlates with demographic factors like weight and gender.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies
08:56

Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies

Published on: October 7, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) measurement is crucial for diagnosing peripheral nerve disorders.
  • Standardized reference values are needed for accurate interpretation of nerve ultrasonography in the upper extremity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify factors influencing nerve CSA measurements.
  • To establish normative reference values for upper extremity nerves using ultrasonography.

Main Methods:

  • Ninety-seven healthy individuals underwent ultrasonographic assessment of upper extremity nerves.
  • CSA was measured at multiple standardized locations along the median, ulnar, radial, and musculocutaneous nerves.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in nerve CSA were observed across various measurement points.
  • Nerve CSA showed significant correlations with weight, body mass index, height, and gender.
  • The distal/proximal CSA ratio did not correlate with demographic factors.

Conclusions:

  • Established normal reference values for upper extremity nerve ultrasonography.
  • These reference values can aid in the diagnosis of nerve pathologies.