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Related Concept Videos

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention
09:48

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Published on: September 11, 2017

Botulinum toxin modulates cortical maladaptation in post-stroke spasticity.

William Huynh1, Arun V Krishnan, Cindy S-Y Lin

  • 1Neuroscience Research Australia and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia.

Muscle & Nerve
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Botulinum toxin treatment for post-stroke spasticity improved cortical inhibition in the unaffected hemisphere. This suggests botulinum toxin may counteract maladaptive plasticity, leading to clinical benefits.

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Published on: February 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Maladaptive plasticity in the unaffected hemisphere contributes to post-stroke deficits like spasticity.
  • Understanding central and peripheral effects of botulinum toxin is crucial for stroke rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of botulinum toxin on cortical processes in the unaffected hemisphere in stroke patients with spasticity.
  • To determine if botulinum toxin modulates central reorganization and peripheral excitability.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and peripheral nerve excitability studies.
  • Assessed 5 stroke patients with upper limb spasticity before and 6 weeks after botulinum toxin injection.
  • Measured short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the unaffected hemisphere.

Main Results:

  • Motor cortices of the affected hemisphere remained inexcitable.
  • Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the unaffected hemisphere was reduced at baseline and significantly increased post-treatment, normalizing to control levels.
  • Peripheral excitability parameters showed no significant changes after botulinum toxin injection.
  • Increased SICI in the unaffected hemisphere correlated with clinical improvements in spasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin treatment modulated cortical excitability in the unaffected hemisphere.
  • Clinical benefits of botulinum toxin in post-stroke spasticity are linked to the modulation of maladaptive plasticity.
  • Findings suggest a central mechanism of action for botulinum toxin in managing post-stroke spasticity.