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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
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Published on: March 24, 2015

Interferon-beta induces distinct gene expression response patterns in human monocytes versus T cells.

Noa Henig1, Nili Avidan, Ilana Mandel

  • 1Division of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.

Plos One
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Interferon-beta (IFN-β) shows cell-specific effects on monocytes and T cells, with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) modulating these responses. This study reveals novel monocyte-specific IFN-β pathways and TNF-α

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes
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Published on: March 24, 2015

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Isolation, Transfection, and Culture of Primary Human Monocytes

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Published on: July 16, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Monocytes are crucial innate immune cells, but their specific functions are less understood than neutrophils and lymphocytes.
  • Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is an immunomodulatory drug used for multiple sclerosis, with known pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
  • Previous studies may have overlooked cell-specific IFN-β functions in monocytes due to the use of mixed cell populations like PBMCs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel, cell-specific functions and pathways of IFN-β in monocytes.
  • To investigate the combined effects of IFN-β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on monocyte and T cell transcriptomes.
  • To uncover potential differences in IFN-β response between monocytes and T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Whole genome gene expression profiling of human monocytes and T cells.
  • In vitro priming with TNF-α followed by exposure to IFN-β.
  • Statistical analysis of gene expression data and validation using RT-PCR.

Main Results:

  • Identified 699 cell-type-specific transcript changes, with 667 unique to monocytes.
  • Discovered monocyte-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) like RIPK2 and CD83, responsive to IFN-β modulated by TNF-α.
  • Observed distinct IFN-β response patterns: T cells showed more up-regulation, while monocytes had balanced up and down-regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Discovered novel IFN-β response pathways and genes, including monocyte-specific ones.
  • Demonstrated cell-specific modulation of the IFN-β response transcriptome by TNF-α.
  • Highlighted the importance of studying distinct cell types to understand cytokine functions.