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Related Concept Videos

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model01:20

Compartment Models: Two-Compartment Model

The two-compartment model divides the body into central and peripheral compartments to account for varying blood perfusion rates among organs and tissues, affecting drug distribution. The central compartment includes blood and highly perfused tissues with rapid drug distribution, while the peripheral compartment contains tissues with slower drug distribution. After a single IV bolus dose, the drug concentration is high in plasma and low in tissues. The drug distribution between compartments...
Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model01:14

Compartment Models: Single-Compartment Model

The single-compartment model serves as a simplified representation of the human body. This model assumes that the body functions as a single, well-mixed open compartment. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the body and quickly distributes uniformly. The drug then undergoes biotransformation and elimination, ultimately leaving the body. The volume of this compartment is referred to as the apparent volume of distribution into which the drug can uniformly distribute. In this...
Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models01:21

Mechanistic Models: Overview of Compartment Models

Mechanistic models, a category encompassing both physiological and compartmental modeling, differ from empirical models' approaches to incorporating known factors about the systems being modeled. Empirical models describe data with minimal assumptions, while mechanistic models aim to provide a robust description of available data by specifying assumptions and integrating known factors about the system. Compartmental analysis is a key example of a mechanistic model in pharmacokinetics and...
Compacting Factor test01:22

Compacting Factor test

The compacting factor test is a method used to assess the workability of concrete. It is  especially suitable for concrete mixes containing aggregates up to one and a half inches in size. This test involves specialized equipment consisting of two truncated cone-shaped hoppers and a cylinder, all with polished interior surfaces to minimize friction.
The procedure begins by placing concrete into the upper hopper without any compaction. Once filled, the bottom door of this hopper is opened,...
Multicompartment Models: Overview01:14

Multicompartment Models: Overview

Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
These models offer a more comprehensive representation of drug behavior in the body than one-compartment models. They accommodate the complexity of drug distribution,...
Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration01:18

Two-Compartment Open Model: IV Bolus Administration

The two-compartment model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration illustrates drug distribution in the body, subdividing it into central and peripheral compartments. This model operates on the concept of two-compartment kinetics. The drug's plasma concentration shows a bi-exponential decline following IV bolus administration, signaling the presence of two disposition processes: distribution and elimination.
The disparity between drug input and the sum of drug transfer rates between...

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Basic of compounding: Repackaging, Part 1.

Loyd V Allen1

  • 1International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Edmond, Oklahoma 73034, USA. lallen@ijpc.com

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding
|May 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article explains sterile and nonsterile repackaging standards based on United States Pharmacopeia 35-National Formulary 30 guidelines. It clarifies differences between commercial repackagers and pharmacy repackaging practices, including packaging standards and beyond-use dating.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Regulatory Compliance

Background:

  • Repackaging medications is a common practice in pharmacy.
  • Ensuring the quality and safety of repackaged medications is critical.
  • United States Pharmacopeia (USP) provides standards for pharmaceutical compounding and repackaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinctions between commercial repackaging operations and repackaging performed by pharmacists within their practice.
  • To detail the relevant standards for packaging sterile and nonsterile drugs.
  • To provide guidance on assigning appropriate beyond-use dates (BUDs) for repackaged medications.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 35-National Formulary (NF) 30 official chapters pertaining to repackaging.
  • Comparative review of regulatory requirements for commercial repackagers versus in-pharmacy repackaging.
  • Examination of established guidelines for packaging materials and BUD determination.

Main Results:

  • Clear differentiation established between commercial and pharmacy-based repackaging activities.
  • Specific packaging standards for both sterile and nonsterile preparations are outlined.
  • Guidelines for assigning beyond-use dates are presented based on USP standards.

Conclusions:

  • Adherence to USP standards is essential for safe and effective medication repackaging.
  • Pharmacists must understand the specific requirements for repackaging within their practice setting.
  • Proper packaging and beyond-use dating are critical components of pharmacy compounding and patient safety.