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Related Concept Videos

Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
During the...
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

Classical conditioning, a fundamental principle of associative learning, explains various phenomena observed in daily life, such as fear development, the placebo effect, taste aversion, and drug habituation. These applications demonstrate the profound impact of associative learning on human behavior and physiological responses.
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner famously demonstrated the development of fear through classical conditioning in their experiment with Little Albert. They paired the...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
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Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Extinction makes conditioning time-dependent.

Rodolfo Bernal-Gamboa1, José E Callejas-Aguilera, Javier Nieto

  • 1National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes
|May 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forgetting associations in rats was influenced by prior extinction of different associations. A 19-day retention interval impaired new learning following extinction, suggesting time impacts memory retrieval.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Forgetting is a fundamental aspect of memory.
  • Previous research suggests context changes can impair information retrieval.
  • The role of prior extinction in subsequent memory forgetting remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if prior extinction of one association affects the forgetting of a different association in rats.
  • To explore the influence of retention intervals on memory retrieval after extinction procedures.
  • To compare the effects of extinction and unpaired presentations on subsequent learning and retention.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted with rats.
  • Experiment 1 involved conditioning and extinction with flavor X, followed by conditioning to flavor Y.
  • Experiment 2 involved extinction in one task (sucrose aversion or alley running) followed by learning an alternative task.

Main Results:

  • Prior extinction of flavor X reduced the retention of a subsequent aversion to flavor Y over a 19-day interval.
  • This effect was not observed when flavor X was initially unpaired with the US.
  • Subsequent learning of an alternative task was partially forgotten over a 19-day interval after extinction in the first task.

Conclusions:

  • Prior extinction of an association can influence the forgetting of subsequently learned, distinct associations.
  • A 19-day retention interval appears to exacerbate forgetting when preceded by extinction.
  • These findings suggest that the passage of time may function analogously to contextual changes in affecting memory retrieval.