Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Refinements in anchoring the gracilis muscle for facial reanimation

Mark Sisco1, Jeremy P Warner

  • 1Division of Plastic Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Northbrook, Ill.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
|May 1, 2013
PubMed
Abstract

No abstract available in PubMed .

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...