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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry, similar...

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

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Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...

Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
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Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)

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How do multivalent glycodendrimers benefit from sulfur chemistry?

Marc Gingras¹, Yoann M Chabre, Myriam Roy

¹Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, 13288 Marseille, France. marc.gingras@univ-amu.fr

Chemical Society Reviews

|May 1, 2013

Summary

Sulfur-containing glycodendrimers offer unique properties beyond synthesis. This review highlights their advantages and applications in chemistry, materials science, and biosensors.

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Area of Science:

Chemistry
Materials Science
Glycobiology
Nanoscience

Background:

Sulfur-containing glycodendrimers have emerged over several decades.
Their development involves various linking strategies.
Sulfur's presence uniquely modulates photophysical and electrochemical properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide the first comprehensive survey of sulfur-containing glycodendrimers.
To emphasize the advantages of incorporating sulfur into glycosylated dendrimers.
To explore novel synthetic routes, properties, and applications.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on sulfur-containing glycodendrimers.
Analysis of the impact of sulfur on dendrimer properties.
Identification of synergistic effects between sulfur, dendrimers, and carbohydrate chemistry.

Main Results:

Sulfur incorporation offers unique photophysical and electrochemical properties.
Sulfur provides numerous advantages in glycosylated dendrimers.
Synergy leads to novel synthetic pathways and applications.

Conclusions:

Sulfur-containing glycodendrimers represent an innovative field with broad potential.
These compounds offer significant promise in chemistry, glycobiology, materials science, and nanoscience.
A particular significance lies in their application for developing advanced biosensors.