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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Flatfoot in Indian population.

Sudhakar Pandey¹, Chandra Prakash Pal, Deepak Kumar

¹Department of Orthopaedics, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad, India.

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery (Hong Kong)

|May 1, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Combining foot exercises and footwear modifications offers the best conservative treatment for flatfoot, improving pain and gait. The great toe extension test is a valuable screening tool for flatfoot.

Keywords:

flatfoot foot orthoses

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Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Podiatry
Biomechanics

Background:

Flatfoot, characterized by a lowered or collapsed arch, affects a significant portion of the population.
Conservative treatments are often the first line of management for symptomatic flatfoot.
Objective assessment of treatment efficacy is crucial for guiding clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the effectiveness of different conservative interventions for flatfoot.
To evaluate treatment outcomes using the foot print index (FPI) and valgus index.
To identify the optimal conservative approach for managing flatfoot symptoms.

Main Methods:

A study involving 150 symptomatic flatfoot patients and 50 controls aged over 8 years.
Diagnosis included pain assessment, great toe extension test, valgus index, and FPI.
Patients were randomized into four groups: foot exercises, footwear modifications (Thomas heel/arch support or Rose Schwartz insoles), or a combination.

Main Results:

Symptoms correlated significantly with the FPI.
The great toe extension test demonstrated high sensitivity (96%) and positive predictive value (74%) for flatfoot.
The combination of foot exercises and footwear modifications yielded the best outcomes in pain relief, gait improvement, and reduction of FPI and valgus index.

Conclusions:

The great toe extension test is an effective screening tool for flatfoot.
The FPI is a reliable measure for diagnosing, grading, and monitoring treatment progress in flatfoot.
Combined conservative interventions, including exercises and footwear modifications, provide the most favorable results for flatfoot management.