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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Testing Analyzer for Measuring Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Testing Analyzer for Measuring Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

Published on: March 22, 2022

Correlation between peripheral white blood cell counts and hyperglycemic emergencies.

Wei Xu¹, Hai-feng Wu, Shao-gang Ma

¹School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.

International Journal of Medical Sciences

|May 1, 2013

Summary

Higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts, along with lower eosinophil counts, are linked to hyperglycemic emergencies like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and diabetic ketosis (DK). These leukocyte counts can help identify acute infections and crises.

Keywords:

Diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetic ketosis Leukocytes counts.

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Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Testing Analyzer for Measuring Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Testing Analyzer for Measuring Peripheral Blood Leukocytes

Published on: March 22, 2022

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Hematology
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Hyperglycemic emergencies, including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and diabetic ketosis (DK), are serious complications of diabetes mellitus.
Differential leukocyte counts play a role in the body's response to stress and infection, which can be associated with hyperglycemic states.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between differential leukocyte counts and the presence of hyperglycemic emergencies.
To assess the diagnostic value of leukocyte counts in identifying diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic ketosis.

Main Methods:

A study involving 200 participants: 50 with DKA, 50 with DK, 50 stable diabetic patients, and 50 healthy controls.
Total and differential leukocyte counts were measured at admission and post-treatment.
Statistical analysis was performed to correlate leukocyte counts with glycemic control, arterial pH, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

Patients with DKA and DK exhibited significantly higher plasma glucose levels, elevated total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and reduced eosinophil counts compared to control groups.
Leukocyte and neutrophil counts were positively correlated with plasma glucose levels and negatively correlated with arterial pH in DKA patients.
Higher total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and lower eosinophil counts, demonstrated a significant ability to indicate the presence of hyperglycemic emergencies.

Conclusions:

Elevated total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, and decreased eosinophil counts, are significantly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic ketosis.
Leukocyte differential counts provide valuable information for the detection of hyperglycemic crises and concurrent acute infections.