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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

Published on: April 23, 2021

[Hereditary cerebral small-vessel disease].

Hiroaki Nozaki¹, Masatoyo Nishizawa, Osamu Onodera

¹School of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Niigata University.

Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine

|May 2, 2013

Summary

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) affects brain blood vessels, causing stroke and dementia. This review explores CSVD

Area of Science:

Neurology and Genetics
Vascular Biology
Neurodegenerative Diseases

Context:

Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) encompasses pathological conditions affecting intracranial small vessels.
CSVD is a common aging phenomenon linked to lacunar infarction, white matter disease, hemorrhage, dementia, and motor disability.
The molecular pathogenesis of CSVD remains poorly understood, particularly concerning genetic factors.

Purpose:

To review the clinical spectrum, pathological findings, and molecular pathogenesis of CSVD.
To focus on CSVD subtypes resulting from single gene defects.
To elucidate the genetic underpinnings of CSVD for improved understanding and potential therapeutic targets.

Summary:

This review examines CSVD, a condition affecting small brain vessels and contributing to neurological deficits.

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Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

Published on: December 6, 2016

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Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions

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A Volumetric Method for Quantification of Cerebral Vasospasm in a Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature: Relevance to CNS Diseases

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It details specific genetic disorders associated with CSVD, including CADASIL, CARASIL, COL4A1-related disorders, RVCL, Fabry disease, and hCA.

The molecular mechanisms underlying these single-gene CSVD forms are discussed, highlighting their contribution to disease pathology.

Impact:

Provides a comprehensive overview of genetically determined CSVD forms.
Enhances understanding of the molecular basis of CSVD, potentially guiding future research.
Informs clinical diagnosis and management strategies for patients with inherited cerebrovascular disorders.