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Related Concept Videos

Self-Schemas02:16

Self-Schemas

In general, a schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Understanding Self-Concept01:20

Understanding Self-Concept

The self-concept encompasses individuals' beliefs about themselves, structured through cognitive frameworks known as self-schemas. These schemas function as mental representations of specific traits or behaviors, influencing how self-relevant information is perceived, processed, and remembered. For example, individuals who are schematic for body weight are more likely to interpret routine experiences—such as dining out or shopping—through the lens of that trait. Conversely, those aschematic for...
Understanding the Self01:28

Understanding the Self

The self is a central aspect of human identity, encompassing an individual’s beliefs, emotions, perceptions, and experiences. It is a cognitive and psychological construct that enables individuals to interpret their traits and behaviors, influencing how they perceive themselves and interact with the world. While personality consists of stable and enduring characteristics, the self is shaped by self-perception and social experiences. This distinction highlights the dynamic nature of the self,...
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
Introspection01:29

Introspection

Introspection, long upheld as a reliable route to self-knowledge, involves examining one's thoughts, emotions, and mental processes. It underpins many psychological practices, from mindfulness meditation to psychotherapy and self-help strategies. However, empirical evidence challenges the accuracy of introspection as a means of understanding oneself.Limitations of Introspective InsightSeminal work by Nisbett and Wilson demonstrated that individuals are frequently unaware of the true causes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Modified Mirror Test as a Visual Guide for the Self-awareness Trait in Wild Antarctica Penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae
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Self-referential processing in Alzheimer's disease: two different ways of processing self-knowledge?

Sandrine Kalenzaga1, David Clarys

  • 1UMR-CNRS 6234 Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France. sandrine.kalenzaga@univ-poitiers.fr

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|May 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients show a unique self-perception bias, with their sense of self becoming more prominent for negative traits. This suggests distinct explicit and implicit processing of self-referential information in AD.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Previous research indicates inconsistent effects of self-reference encoding on Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient memory.
  • Prior studies highlight that self-reference encoding impacts AD patients' memory for emotional traits compared to semantic processing, but not other-reference encoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects the processing of self-referential information, specifically emotional versus neutral traits.
  • To compare the recognition performance of AD patients and normal controls on self- versus other-referenced emotional and neutral adjective traits.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a remember/know/guess paradigm to assess recognition memory.
  • Compared the performance of 22 AD patients with 21 healthy controls.
  • Utilized self-reference versus other-reference encoding for emotional and neutral adjective traits.

Main Results:

  • AD patients demonstrated a positive explicit self-view.
  • The self-concept of AD patients was salient only for negative adjective traits.
  • Recognition memory performance differed between AD patients and controls based on encoding type and emotional valence.

Conclusions:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) may involve distinct explicit and implicit pathways for processing self-referential knowledge.
  • Self-perception in AD patients is biased towards negative traits, suggesting altered self-referential processing.
  • Findings contribute to understanding memory deficits and self-processing in Alzheimer's disease.