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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics01:23

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Antitussives, Expectorants, and Mucolytics

Respiratory symptoms, such as congestion and cough, commonly accompany respiratory tract conditions. Various medications, such as antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics, play crucial roles in providing relief.
Antitussives include codeine, dextromethorphan (Robitussin), and benzonatate (Tessalon). Codeine and dextromethorphan exert their effects centrally by suppressing the cough reflex center in the medulla.  Benzonatate operates peripherally within the respiratory tract by anesthetizing...
Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
Pneumonia IV: Management01:28

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Delayed antibiotics for respiratory infections.

Geoffrey K P Spurling1, Chris B Del Mar, Liz Dooley

  • 1Discipline of General Practice, University of Queensland, Herston, Australia. g.spurling@uq.edu.au

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|May 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Delayed antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) shows similar clinical outcomes but slightly lower patient satisfaction than immediate antibiotics. A no-antibiotic strategy offers the least antibiotic use with comparable satisfaction.

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Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

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A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii
09:17

A Robust Pneumonia Model in Immunocompetent Rodents to Evaluate Antibacterial Efficacy against S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa or A. baumannii

Published on: January 2, 2017

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases
03:22

Microbiological Rapid On-Site Evaluation for Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) raises concerns about adverse reactions, cost, and antibiotic resistance.
  • Delayed antibiotic prescribing, where prescriptions are given but use is advised to be postponed, is a strategy to mitigate these concerns.
  • This review is an update of previous Cochrane Reviews on the topic, originally published in 2007 and updated in 2010.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate delayed antibiotic prescribing compared to immediate or no antibiotic use for ARTIs.
  • To assess clinical outcomes including symptom duration and severity (pain, malaise, fever, cough, rhinorrhoea) for conditions like sore throat, acute otitis media, bronchitis, and the common cold.
  • To examine antibiotic use, patient satisfaction, antibiotic resistance, re-consultation rates, and alternative therapy use.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases including CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and CINAHL for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
  • Included RCTs involving participants of all ages diagnosed with an ARTI, comparing delayed antibiotics with immediate or no antibiotics.
  • Data extraction and analysis were performed independently by three review authors, with risk of bias assessment and author contact for missing information.

Main Results:

  • Ten RCTs with 3157 participants were included; meta-analysis was limited due to heterogeneity, except for patient satisfaction.
  • No significant differences in clinical outcomes (cough, common cold) were observed between delayed, immediate, and no antibiotic strategies.
  • Immediate antibiotics showed some benefit for fever, pain, and malaise in acute otitis media and sore throat. Delayed antibiotics significantly reduced antibiotic use compared to immediate prescribing, with no-antibiotic strategies yielding the least use.
  • Patient satisfaction was highest with immediate antibiotics, though delayed and no-antibiotic strategies showed similar, high satisfaction rates (over 80%). Re-consultation rates did not differ between immediate and delayed groups. Antibiotic resistance was not evaluated.

Conclusions:

  • Most clinical outcomes for ARTIs do not differ significantly across delayed, immediate, or no antibiotic prescribing strategies.
  • Delayed antibiotics result in slightly lower patient satisfaction compared to immediate antibiotics but are comparable to no antibiotics.
  • For ARTIs where immediate antibiotic prescription is deemed unnecessary, a strategy of no antibiotics with clear return advice minimizes antibiotic use while maintaining comparable patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes.