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Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

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Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
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Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Phenazin-5-ium hydrogen sulfate monohydrate.

Joseph Degeorge1, Christopher P Landee, Mark M Turnbull

  • 1Department of Physics, Clark University, 950 Main St, Worcester, MA 01610, USA.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a phenazinium salt hydrate. Hydrogen bonds link phenazinium ions, bisulfate anions, and water molecules into specific structural motifs.

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Phenazinium salts are organic compounds with diverse applications.
  • Understanding their crystal structures is crucial for predicting properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in molecular assembly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the detailed crystal structure of a specific phenazinium salt hydrate.
  • To identify and characterize the hydrogen bonding networks present.
  • To understand the supramolecular architecture formed in the solid state.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds.
  • Identification of structural motifs and packing arrangements.

Main Results:

  • The crystal structure comprises inversion-related phenazinium ion pairs.
  • C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the phenazinium ions.
  • Phenazinium N-H groups form hydrogen bonds with bisulfate anions.
  • Bisulfate anions and water molecules form a structural ladder motif via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals a complex network of hydrogen bonding.
  • The identified structural motifs influence the material's properties.
  • This detailed structural information aids in the design of related materials.