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Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides02:38

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...
Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:28

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate
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Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate

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N,N'-Bis(pyridin-3-yl)oxamide.

Shih-Miao Liu1, Hsiu-Yi He, Jhy-Der Chen

  • 1Center for General Education, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Longtan, Taiwan.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of C12H10N4O2, revealing a nearly planar molecule. Molecules self-assemble into corrugated layers via N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds in the solid state.

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Molecular structure determination
  • Supramolecular chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding molecular arrangement is crucial for material properties.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a key role in crystal engineering.
  • Planarity of organic molecules influences their packing and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title molecule (C12H10N4O2).
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions governing crystal packing.
  • To describe the supramolecular architecture formed by the molecule.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed.
  • Analysis of atomic coordinates and bond distances.
  • Identification of hydrogen bonding networks and their geometry.

Main Results:

  • The molecule C12H10N4O2 crystallizes with a nearly planar geometry.
  • A root-mean-square deviation of 0.019 Å was observed for non-hydrogen atoms from the least-squares plane.
  • N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link molecules into corrugated layers parallel to the (10-1) crystallographic plane.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals a specific molecular arrangement driven by hydrogen bonding.
  • The observed planar geometry and layered structure are key features of this compound.
  • This detailed structural information can guide future design of related materials.