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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study
11:29

Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study

Published on: August 15, 2025

Treating patients with medically resistant epilepsy.

Gregory L Krauss1, Michael R Sperling

  • 1Johns Hopkins University (GLK), Baltimore; and Thomas Jefferson University (MRS), Philadelphia.

Neurology. Clinical Practice
|May 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medically resistant epilepsy is identified when seizures continue despite two first-line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Early diagnosis and treatment, including surgery or alternative therapies, are crucial for managing uncontrolled epilepsy.

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Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
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Anteromesial Temporal Lobectomy for Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: An Operative Study
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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note
05:54

Stereo-Electro-Encephalo-Graphy (SEEG) With Robotic Assistance in the Presurgical Evaluation of Medical Refractory Epilepsy: A Technical Note

Published on: June 13, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Epileptology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Medically resistant epilepsy is a significant clinical challenge.
  • Identifying epilepsy resistant to medication is crucial for patient management.
  • Persistent seizures despite treatment impact quality of life and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define criteria for medically resistant epilepsy.
  • To outline diagnostic and treatment strategies for resistant epilepsy.
  • To emphasize the importance of timely intervention for uncontrolled seizures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current evidence and clinical guidelines.
  • Characterization of seizures in patients with medically resistant epilepsy.
  • Assessment of treatment options including pharmacotherapy, surgery, and non-medical therapies.

Main Results:

  • Medically resistant epilepsy is suggested by persistent seizures despite adequate doses of two first-line antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).
  • Comprehensive seizure characterization is essential for diagnosis, treatment selection, and prognosis.
  • Surgery is a viable option for medically resistant epilepsy when indicated.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt identification and management of medically resistant epilepsy are vital.
  • Treatment strategies should be individualized, considering pharmacotherapy, surgery, and palliative options like vagal nerve stimulation.
  • Patient counseling on adherence and aggravating factors is important for optimizing outcomes.