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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions02:15

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions

Homogeneous Equilibria for Gaseous Reactions
For gas-phase reactions, the equilibrium constant may be expressed in terms of either the molar concentrations (Kc) or partial pressures (Kp) of the reactants and products. A relation between these two K values may be simply derived from the ideal gas equation and the definition of molarity. According to the ideal gas equation:
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
SN2 Reaction: Kinetics02:14

SN2 Reaction: Kinetics

Kinetic Studies and Significance
In a chemical reaction, a relationship exists between the concentration of reactants and the rate at which the reaction proceeds. The study to measure this relationship is known as the kinetics of a chemical reaction. Kinetic studies are used to deduce the rate law of a chemical reaction, which provides information about the species involved during the transition state of the rate-determining step. Thus, kinetic studies help to derive the mechanism of a reaction.
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Published on: February 4, 2021

Generalized Gibbs' approach in heterogeneous nucleation.

Alexander S Abyzov1, Jürn W P Schmelzer

  • 1National Science Center, Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov, Ukraine. abyzov@kipt.kharkov.ua

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Heterogeneous nucleation, including condensation and boiling, is influenced by surface properties and fluid metastability. Surface interactions significantly alter nucleation rates, shifting instability limits compared to homogeneous nucleation.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Thermodynamics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Heterogeneous nucleation is crucial for phase transitions like condensation and boiling.
  • Understanding nucleation on solid surfaces requires considering fluid state parameters and surface interactions.
  • Previous models often simplified the influence of surface properties and metastability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze heterogeneous nucleation (condensation and boiling) on planar solid surfaces.
  • To investigate the impact of critical cluster parameter variations on nucleation.
  • To explore the roles of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces in nucleation processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the generalized Gibbs' approach to model nucleation.
  • Employed one-component van der Waals fluids as a theoretical model.
  • Analyzed nucleation on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Contact angle and catalytic factor for heterogeneous nucleation are dependent on fluid metastability (undercooling/superheating).
  • Hydrophobic surfaces have minor influence on droplet condensation; hydrophilic surfaces significantly enhance it.
  • Hydrophilic surfaces have minor influence on bubble nucleation; hydrophobic surfaces significantly enhance it.
  • Solid surfaces shift the spinodal to lower supersaturations, enhancing nucleation compared to homogeneous nucleation.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized Gibbs' approach provides a framework for understanding metastability-dependent nucleation.
  • Surface wettability (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic) dictates the extent of nucleation enhancement or suppression.
  • Heterogeneous nucleation significantly alters fluid instability limits compared to homogeneous nucleation.