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Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

Gravimetry: Inorganic And Organic Precipitating Agents

In gravimetry, the precipitant is chosen carefully to obtain a pure solid that can be easily filtered. Common inorganic precipitants can be used to determine several cations and anions. In some cases, the formation of the same precipitate can be used to determine the cation and the anion. For example, the reaction of barium and chromate ions to give barium chromate is used to determine both barium and chromate. However, precipitates such as hydroxides, oxalates, and metal ammonium phosphates...

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

Amines to Sulfonamides: The Hinsberg Test

The Hinsberg test is a method to identify primary, secondary and tertiary amines, named after its pioneer, Oscar Hinsberg. Here, amines are treated with benzenesulfonyl chloride, also known as the Hinsberg reagent, in the presence of an excess of aqueous base, followed by acidification. Based on the nature of the amines, different changes are observed.
Generally, a primary amine reacts with the Hinsberg reagent to produce an N-substituted benzenesulfonamide. The electron-withdrawing sulfonyl...

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: July 26, 2016

Surface adsorption in strontium chloride ammines.

Andreas L Ammitzbóll¹, Steen Lysgaard, Agata Klukowska

¹Amminex Emissions Technology A∕S, Søborg, Denmark.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|May 3, 2013

Summary

Researchers identified a new adsorbed state for ammonia in strontium chloride ammine, impacting its absorption and desorption. This finding, confirmed by multiple methods, reveals a distinct low-temperature desorption pathway for ammonia storage materials.

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Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Phase-Dependent Control of Trap Depth and Persistent Luminescence in Strontium Aluminate Phosphors

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Strontium chloride ammine is a promising material for ammonia absorption and storage.
Understanding the kinetics of ammonia absorption and desorption is crucial for optimizing its performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize an adsorbed state of ammonia in strontium chloride ammine.
To investigate the influence of this adsorbed state on ammonia absorption and desorption kinetics.
To propose a kinetic model incorporating the adsorbed state.

Main Methods:

Ammonia absorption measurements
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations

Main Results:

An adsorbed state of ammonia in strontium chloride ammine was identified.
Ammonia desorption from the adsorbed state was observed below the bulk desorption temperature.
The desorption enthalpy of the adsorbed state was determined to be 37-39 kJ/mol.
DFT calculations confirmed the existence and properties of the adsorbed state.

Conclusions:

The identified adsorbed state plays a significant role in the absorption and desorption kinetics of ammonia.
A simple kinetic model accounting for ammonia absorption via the adsorbed state was proposed.
This work provides a deeper understanding of ammonia storage mechanisms in metal ammines.