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Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character02:48

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model01:18

Structure of Benzene: Molecular Orbital Model

According to the molecular orbital (MO) model, benzene has a planar structure with a regular hexagon of six sp2 hybridized carbons. As shown in Figure 1, each carbon is bonded to three other atoms with C–C–C and H–C–C bond angles of 120°. The C–H bond length is 109 pm, and the C–C bond length is 139 pm which is midway between the single bond length of sp3 hybridized carbons (154 pm) and sp2 hybridized carbons (133 pm).

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis
13:09

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

Structure and functionality of bromine doped graphite.

Rashid Hamdan1, A F Kemper, Chao Cao

  • 1Department of Physics and Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. rashid@phys.ufl.edu

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bromine doping enhances graphite

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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphite's electrical conductivity is crucial for electronic applications.
  • Bromine doping has been experimentally observed to enhance graphite's in-plane conductivity.
  • Understanding the mechanisms behind this enhancement and the influence of external factors is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the enhanced in-plane conductivity in bromine-doped graphite using first-principles calculations.
  • To analyze the effect of external stress on the structure and electronic properties of bromine-doped graphite.
  • To elucidate the charge transfer mechanisms responsible for conductivity changes.

Main Methods:

  • First-principles calculations were employed.
  • The study modeled stage-two doped graphite.
  • Band structure analysis near the Fermi surface and charge transfer analysis were performed.

Main Results:

  • Bromine exists as Br2 molecules at large interlayer separations but dissociates under compression.
  • Bromine acts as an electron acceptor in both molecular and atomic forms.
  • Charge transfer is higher with atomic bromine (Br) than with molecular bromine (Br2).
  • Electron transfer to bromine increases hole carriers in graphite, enhancing conductivity.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical understanding of enhanced conductivity in Br-doped graphite.
  • External stress significantly influences the state of bromine and its interaction with graphite.
  • The findings offer insights for designing advanced carbon-based electronic materials.