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DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

DNA Packaging

Condensins

Condensins

Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...

Condensins

Condensins

Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

Condensation of circular DNA.

E L Starostin¹

¹Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom. e.starostin@ucl.ac.uk

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|May 3, 2013

Summary

This study models DNA as a semi-flexible polymer, revealing how bending, twisting, and self-attraction influence its stable shapes. Adjusting the DNA sequence can control these conformations for potential applications.

Area of Science:

Polymer physics
Biophysics
Computational chemistry

Background:

Semi-flexible polymers like DNA exhibit complex behaviors due to their physical properties.
Understanding DNA's conformational states is crucial for molecular biology and nanotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

To model the ground states of a circularly closed double-stranded DNA in a poor solvent.
To investigate the role of self-attraction and sequence dependence on DNA conformation.
To explore potential applications in controlling polymer structures.

Main Methods:

Developed a simple model for semi-flexible polymers with self-attraction.
Computed conformational energy as a sum of elastic (bending, torsional) and effective self-attraction components.

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Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Published on: May 31, 2024

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Published on: May 31, 2024

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

Analyzed two distinct conformation series: toroidal and racquet-like structures.

Main Results:

Presented a phase diagram illustrating the stability of different DNA conformations.
Demonstrated that sequence-dependent attraction forces influence polymer folding.
Identified specific stable states, including toroidal and racquet shapes.

Conclusions:

The stability of DNA conformations can be tuned by adjusting its primary structure (sequence).
The model provides insights into the self-assembly of semi-flexible polymers.
Findings have implications for understanding DNA packaging and designing novel polymer materials.